City of Los Angeles, in an opinion written by Judge Kenneth Lee and joined by Judge Paul Watford: To determine whether a fine is grossly disproportional to the underlying offense [and thus unconstitutionally excessive], four factors are considered: (1) the nature and extent of the underlying offense; (2) whether the underlying offense related to other illegal activities; (3) whether other penalties may be imposed for the offense; and (4) the extent of the harm caused by the… [read post]

She was interviewed by her fellow clinic co-director and Stanford Legal podcast co-host Pamela Karlan, the Kenneth and Harle Montgomery Professor of Public Interest Law, and joined by Supreme Court Litigation Clinic student Gareth Fowler, JD ’24. [read post]